Modulating inflammation and oxidative stress in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review of nutraceutical interventions.

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by persistent synovial inflammation and progressive joint destruction. The gut microbiome has emerged as a key factor in the regulation of the immune system, and its dysbiosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Nutraceuticals, including probiotics, omega-3 fatty acids, coenzyme Q10, vitamin D, and polyphenols, have shown potential in modulating the gut microbiota and inflammatory pathways. This review explores the interplay between nutraceuticals, gut microbiota, and immune function in rheumatoid arthritis, with attention to pharmacokinetics and safety. We discuss recent clinical evidence, elucidate molecular mechanisms of action, and highlight future research directions for integrating nutraceuticals into therapeutic strategies for rheumatoid arthritis.