Insomnia

Insomnia is characterized by difficulty initiating sleep, maintaining sleep, or waking too early, accompanied by daytime impairment (fatigue, mood disturbance, cognitive dysfunction). Acute insomnia (lasting days to weeks) is often triggered by stress or environmental changes, while chronic insomnia (3+ nights/week for 3+ months) often involves perpetuating cognitive and behavioral factors. Evidence-based supplements for insomnia include melatonin (primarily for sleep onset latency and circadian disorders), magnesium glycinate (GABA receptor modulation), L-theanine (alpha wave promotion), and valerian root (mixed evidence). Cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) remains the first-line treatment.