**Figure 3.** Figure 2. Overview of carotenoid metabolism with relevance to BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids, found in circulating lipoproteins enter cells through distinct mechanisms involving various receptors and transporters, such as scavenger receptor class B type I, low-density lipoprotein receptor, CD36 membrane transporters, and lipoprotein lipase. Once inside the cells, carotenoids bind to carotenoid-binding proteins and become integrated into cytoplasmic lipid droplets, as well as plasma and mitochondrial membranes. Provitamin A type carotenoids such as β-carotene are symmetrically cleaved by β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) to yield retinal directly. Mitochondrial BCO2, on the other hand, asymmetrically cleaves carotenoids. The resulting carotenoid cleavage products (apo carotenoids) can be converted into retinal by BCO1. Carotenoids and retinal are transported to the cell nucleus and exert their inﬂuence on gene expression (antioxidant genes such as Nrf2 and ERK, anti-apoptotic genes such as Bcl-2 and anti-inﬂammatory genes) by interacting with nuclear receptors and transcription factors.

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Overview of carotenoid metabolism involving BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids from circulating lipoproteins enter cells through scavenger receptor class B type I, LDL receptor, and CD36, undergoing enzymatic cleavage to produce retinoids and apocarotenoids with distinct biological activities.

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Figure 2

Chemical structures of common carotenes (such as beta-carotene and lycopene) and xanthophylls (including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin). Structural differences between provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids are highlighted.

diagram

Figure 3

Diagram

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Source Paper

Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Biochemical Society transactions (2024)

PMID: 38385583

DOI: 10.1042/BST20230193

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![Figure 3: Overview of carotenoid metabolism involving BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids from circulating lipoproteins enter cells through scavenger receptor class B type I, LDL receptor, and CD36, undergoing enzymatic cleavage to produce retinoids and apocarotenoids with distinct biological activities.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/38385583/96.png)

> Source: Opeyemi Stella Ademowo et al. "Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.." *Biochemical Society transactions*, 2024. PMID: [38385583](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38385583/)

<figure>
  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/38385583/96.png" alt="Overview of carotenoid metabolism involving BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids from circulating lipoproteins enter cells through scavenger receptor class B type I, LDL receptor, and CD36, undergoing enzymatic cleavage to produce retinoids and apocarotenoids with distinct biological activities." />
  <figcaption>Figure 3. Overview of carotenoid metabolism involving BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids from circulating lipoproteins enter cells through scavenger receptor class B type I, LDL receptor, and CD36, undergoing enzymatic cleavage to produce retinoids and apocarotenoids with distinct biological activities.<br>  Source: Opeyemi Stella Ademowo et al. "Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.." <em>Biochemical Society transactions</em>, 2024. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38385583/">38385583</a></figcaption>
</figure>

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