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Astaxanthin Gambar

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Figure 1. The proposed mechanism by which astaxanthin inhibits oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, and development and progression of diseases.
Figure 5 Diagram

Proposed comprehensive mechanism by which astaxanthin inhibits oxidative stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, preventing downstream apoptotic and inflammatory signaling cascades.

Inhibitory Effect of Astaxanthin on Oxidative Stress-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction-A Mini-Review.

Figure 1.Figure 1.Transmembrane orientation of astaxanthin [Transmembrane orientation of astaxanthin [1,9]. 1,9].
Figure 5 Diagram

Astaxanthin's transmembrane orientation is unique among carotenoids, spanning the entire lipid bilayer with its polar end groups anchored at both membrane surfaces. This positioning enables superior antioxidant protection of membrane lipids.

Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin.

Figure 2. Role of macrophages in the development of atherosclerosis.
Figure 6 Diagram

Macrophages play a central role in atherosclerosis development through uptake of oxidized LDL, foam cell formation, and secretion of inflammatory mediators. Astaxanthin may interrupt this process by reducing LDL oxidation and modulating macrophage activity.

Potential Anti-Atherosclerotic Properties of Astaxanthin.

Fig. 1. Proposed relative contributions of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial sources of ROS to overall cellular ROS levels in skeletal muscle during and in the minutes and hours following a single session of endurance exercise. mtTRS, mitochondrial tran
Figure 4 Diagram

Proposed relative contributions of mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS sources to overall cellular ROS levels in skeletal muscle during and after exercise are depicted. NADPH oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and mitochondrial electron transport chain are the primary generators.

Antioxidant supplements and endurance exercise: Current evidence and mechanistic insights.

Figure 2. Chemical structure of the main xanthophylls present in algae [82].
Figure 6 Diagram

Marine algae produce several structurally distinct xanthophylls with unique bioactive profiles. This figure displays the chemical structures of the main xanthophylls present in algae, including fucoxanthin, astaxanthin, zeaxanthin, and lutein.

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids.

Figure 7
Figure 7 Diagram

Bioavailability and metabolism of dietary xanthophylls determine their physiological impact. This figure presents data on the absorption, distribution, and metabolic fate of algal carotenoids in biological systems.

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids.

Figure 3. Uptake, transport, and secretion pathways of marine carotenoids in the human body.
Figure 8 Diagram

Marine carotenoids follow specific uptake, transport, and secretion pathways in the human body. This figure traces the journey of dietary xanthophylls from intestinal absorption through lymphatic transport to tissue distribution and hepatic metabolism.

Xanthophylls from the Sea: Algae as Source of Bioactive Carotenoids.

Fig 1. Evaluation of functional changes of the retina by electroretinography (ERG). The ERG were performed on untreated rats (Control) or STZinduced diabetic rats treated for 8 weeks with normal saline (Diabetes), 3 mg/kg AST (AST High), 0.6 mg/kg AST (AS
Figure 4 Chart

Electroretinography (ERG) recordings evaluating retinal function in control and STZ-induced diabetic rats treated with normal saline, 0.6 mg/kg AST, 3 mg/kg AST, or 0.5 mg/kg lutein for 8 weeks. ERG wave amplitudes indicate the functional impact of each treatment on diabetic retinal physiology.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 5
Figure 5 Chart

Inflammatory marker expression levels in retinal tissue or aqueous humor of diabetic rats, comparing astaxanthin-treated groups with untreated diabetic controls. Results indicate AST may modulate inflammatory mediator production.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 6
Figure 6 Chart

Western blot or protein expression analysis of retinal inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the diabetic rat model, demonstrating the molecular effects of astaxanthin treatment on key signaling proteins.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 7
Figure 7 Chart

Gene or protein expression data for retinal vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or related angiogenic markers in AST-treated versus untreated diabetic rats.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 8
Figure 8 Micrograph

Histological or immunohistochemical analysis of retinal tissue sections from diabetic rats, comparing structural changes across treatment groups to assess astaxanthin's protective effects on retinal architecture.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Fig 6. Effect of AST and lutein on ICAM-1, MCP-1, and FKN expression in aqueous humors. Aqueous humor was isolated and pooled from the eyes of rats by each group. ICAM-1, MCP-1, and FKN levels were quantified by 3 repeat ELISA experiments. Data are presen
Figure 9 Chart

Quantification of ICAM-1, MCP-1, and fractalkine (FKN) protein levels in aqueous humor of diabetic rats treated with astaxanthin or lutein. Reduced expression of these inflammatory mediators suggests AST may attenuate vascular inflammation in diabetic eyes.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 10
Figure 10 Chart

Supplementary analysis of inflammatory or oxidative markers in ocular tissues of STZ-induced diabetic rats, providing additional evidence for astaxanthin's protective mechanism against diabetic retinal damage.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 11
Figure 11 Chart

Summary of retinal protection outcomes or dose-response data for astaxanthin in the diabetic rat model, consolidating evidence that AST inhibits expression of oxidative stress and inflammatory mediators in diabetic retinopathy.

Astaxanthin Inhibits Expression of Retinal Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Mediators in Streptozotocin-Induced …

Figure 1. Chemical structures of common carotenes and xanthophylls.
Figure 2 Diagram

Chemical structures of common carotenes (such as beta-carotene and lycopene) and xanthophylls (including lutein, zeaxanthin, and astaxanthin). Structural differences between provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids are highlighted.

Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Figure 2. Overview of carotenoid metabolism with relevance to BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids, found in circulating lipoproteins enter cells through distinct mechanisms involving various receptors and transporters, such as scavenger receptor class B ty
Figure 3 Diagram

Overview of carotenoid metabolism involving BCO1 and BCO2 enzymes. Carotenoids from circulating lipoproteins enter cells through scavenger receptor class B type I, LDL receptor, and CD36, undergoing enzymatic cleavage to produce retinoids and apocarotenoids with distinct biological activities.

Effects of carotenoids on mitochondrial dysfunction.

Figure 6
Figure 6 Chart

Experimental results examining simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All, with data points illustrating key findings related to alzheimer´s disease is a global neurodegenerative health concern.

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 2. Reaction rates of acetylcholinesterase in the presence of all-trans astaxanthin with different concentrations (A), and Lineweaver–Burk reciprocal plots (B). ○: all-trans astaxanthin concentration 0 μmol/L; ▲: all-trans astaxanthin concentration
Figure 7 Chart

Reaction rates of acetylcholinesterase in the presence of all-trans astaxanthin with different concentrations (A), and Lineweaver–Burk reciprocal plots (B). ○: all-trans astaxanthin concentration 0 μmol/L; ▲: all-trans astaxanthin concentration 6.5 μmol/L; ◆: all-trans astaxanthin concentration 26 μmol/L; ●: all-trans astaxanthin concentration 5...

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 3. Fluorescence emission (A) and circular dichroism (B) spectra of acetylcholinesterase in the presence of all-trans astaxanthin with various concentrations.
Figure 8 Chart

Fluorescence emission (A) and circular dichroism (B) spectra of acetylcholinesterase in the presence of all-trans astaxanthin with various concentrations.

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 4. The effect of all-trans astaxanthin concentrations on cell viability in group (A) and in group (B) treated with Aβ25–35. : Control group; : astaxanthin-treatment group;
Figure 9 Chart

The effect of all-trans astaxanthin concentrations on cell viability in group (A) and in group (B) treated with Aβ25–35. : Control group; : astaxanthin-treatment group;

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 5. Effect of all-trans astaxanthin on intracellular antioxidant capacity and acetylcholinesterase activity. The levels of catalase (A), malondialdehyde (B), superoxide dismutase (C), and acetylcholinesterase activity (D) are shown. : Control group;
Figure 11 Chart

Effect of all-trans astaxanthin on intracellular antioxidant capacity and acetylcholinesterase activity. The levels of catalase (A), malondialdehyde (B), superoxide dismutase (C), and acetylcholinesterase activity (D) are shown.

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 6. 3D (A) and 2D (B) structural simulation of all-trans astaxanthin interacting with acetylcholinesterase.
Figure 13 Chart

3D (A) and 2D (B) structural simulation of all-trans astaxanthin interacting with acetylcholinesterase.

Simultaneous Inhibitory Effects of All-Trans Astaxanthin on Acetylcholinesterase and Oxidative Stress.

Figure 2
Figure 2 Diagram

Visual summary of the pathways and interactions relevant to the Effects of Astaxanthin on Cognitive Function and Neurodegeneration in Humans, as discussed in the context of oxidative stress is a key contributing factor in neurodegeneration, cognitive ageing, cognitive decline, and diminish.

The Effects of Astaxanthin on Cognitive Function and Neurodegeneration in Humans: A …

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