**Figure 1.** Figure 1 Cardiac aging and heart failure (HF). Lifetime molecular and cellular stresses such as genomic, epigenetic, oxidative, autophagic, inﬂammatory and regenerative stresses, along with the accumulation of senescent cells, drive cardiac aging and lead to structural and functional changes such as left ventricular hypertrophy, left atrial dilation, atrial ﬁbrillation, myocardial ﬁbrosis and amyloidosis, culminating in HF. Cardiac aging-related molecular mechanisms involved in HF are listed. CHIP, clonal haematopoiesis of indeterminate potential; DNMT, DNA methyl transferase; ECM, extracellular matrix; HDAC, histone deacetylase; MPTP, mitochondrial permeability transition pore; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SASP, senescence-associated secretary phenotype; ↑, up-regulated; ↓, down-regulated.

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Comprehensive diagram of cardiac aging mechanisms leading to heart failure, depicting how genomic, epigenetic, oxidative, autophagic, and inflammatory stresses drive structural changes including left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.

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Systemic aging pathways fueling heart failure, summarizing cardiac, vascular, metabolic, and inflammaging mechanisms alongside their associated molecular changes and clinical phenotypes.

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Figure 3

Molecular mechanisms or therapeutic targets related to age-associated heart failure, covering topics such as senescent cell accumulation, RAAS dysregulation, and potential anti-aging interventions.

diagram

Figure 4

Molecular mechanisms or therapeutic targets related to age-associated heart failure, covering topics such as senescent cell accumulation, RAAS dysregulation, and potential anti-aging interventions.

diagram

Figure 1

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Systemic aging fuels heart failure: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic avenues.

ESC heart failure (2025)

PMID: 39034866

DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.14947

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![Figure 1: Comprehensive diagram of cardiac aging mechanisms leading to heart failure, depicting how genomic, epigenetic, oxidative, autophagic, and inflammatory stresses drive structural changes including left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.](https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/39034866/120.png)

> Source: Zhuyubing Fang et al. "Systemic aging fuels heart failure: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic avenues." *ESC heart failure*, 2025. PMID: [39034866](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39034866/)

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  <img src="https://pdfs.citedhealth.com/figures/39034866/120.png" alt="Comprehensive diagram of cardiac aging mechanisms leading to heart failure, depicting how genomic, epigenetic, oxidative, autophagic, and inflammatory stresses drive structural changes including left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis." />
  <figcaption>Figure 1. Comprehensive diagram of cardiac aging mechanisms leading to heart failure, depicting how genomic, epigenetic, oxidative, autophagic, and inflammatory stresses drive structural changes including left ventricular hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.<br>  Source: Zhuyubing Fang et al. "Systemic aging fuels heart failure: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic avenues." <em>ESC heart failure</em>, 2025. PMID: <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39034866/">39034866</a></figcaption>
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