Astaxanthin inhibits oxidative stress and apoptosis in diabetic retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: The pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is thought to be influenced by oxidative stress. Astaxanthin (ASX) is a natural product with antioxidant effect, but it is not clear whether its mechanism of inhibiting the development of DR is related to anti-oxidation. METHODS: Rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) to create DR rat models followed by ASX (20 mg/kg) for 45 days. Retinal tissue was examined by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. By using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 2,7-Dichlorodrhydrofluorescein diace (DCFH-DA) probes, immunohistochemistry and western blot, it was feasible to evaluate the contents of inflammation-related factors (tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1)), oxidative stress-related indicators (glutathione (GSH), malonic dialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC)), antioxidant enzymes (hemoxgenase-1(HO-1) and Quinone Oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1)), and apoptosis-related proteins (Bcl-2, Bcl2 Associated X Protein (BAX), and cleaved-caspase-3). Additionally, antioxidant proteins downstream of the nuclear factor E2 related factors (Nrf-2) pathway, expression levels of Nrf2/ Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1(Keap 1) pathway-associated proteins, and nuclear and cytoplasmic levels of Nrf2 were assessed using immunohistochemistry, western blot, or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS: ASX alleviated retinal tissue damage by increasing overall retina thickness and ganglion cell layer (GCL) cell numbers and exerted the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative stress, and anti-apoptosis effects in DR rats. Additionally, ASX could inhibit the expression of Keap1, promote the transport of Nrf2 from cytoplasm to nucleus and facilitate the expressions of HO-1, NQO1, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, (γ-GCS) and GPx. CONCLUSION: ASX exerted antioxidant effects through Nrf2/keap1 pathway, thereby alleviating apoptosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in retinal tissues of DR rats.